Persecution Due to Civil Activism

Verbal Confrontation Reported Between Bystander and Protest Participants Following Demonstration Near Parliament

On 12 March, following the protest, a verbal confrontation occurred between a private individual and protest participants in the underground passage near the First Public School in Tbilisi. According to information disseminated on social media, an unidentified individual, reportedly in an intoxicated state, according to eyewitness accounts – directed aggressive verbal remarks toward a female protest participant holding the Georgian flag.

As reported by Levan Jobava on social media, after attracting the attention of those present, the individual moved toward a police cordon. According to the same source, law enforcement officers did not apprehend the individual at the scene, and he subsequently left the area in the company of police officers without further incident.

Fire Reported in Tent of Activist Darejan Tskhvitariia Near Parliament

On 12 March, activist Darejan Tskhvitariia, who had been spending nights in a tent near the Parliament of Georgia as part of an ongoing protest, stated that her tent caught fire during the night. According to her account, at approximately 3:00 a.m. she heard an unidentified individual shouting that something was burning, and upon going outside, she observed that her tent was on fire. Tskhvitariia expressed the view that the fire may have been set in order to remove the tents. She further stated that, following the incident, her personal belongings were taken from the tent.

According to Tskhvitariia, law enforcement officers arrived at the scene and officers from the Old Tbilisi district police were called. She stated that police officers requested that she leave the area, forcibly took her mobile phone, and removed her from the site using physical force. Notwithstanding the above, she indicated her intention to continue the protest.According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia, an investigation has been initiated under Article 188(2) of the Criminal Code of Georgia, which concerns damage to or destruction of property through negligent handling of fire or another source of increased danger.

Zurab Menteshashvili and Denis Kulanin Report Inhuman or Degrading Conditions of Detention Following Placement in Solitary Confinement

On 10 March, according to publicly available information, Zurab Menteshashvili and Denis Kulanin were placed in solitary confinement, where, according to their accounts, they are being held in conditions that may amount to inhuman or degrading treatment.

According to Menteshashvili’s legal counsel, Jano Chkadua, Menteshashvili is being held in materially inadequate conditions of detention. He is reportedly deprived of basic necessities, including a towel, toothbrush, and hygiene products, and is not provided with the means to maintain minimum sanitary conditions in his cell. Counsel further indicated that the cell is unsanitary and infested with cockroaches. According to the lawyer, Menteshashvili considers that his placement in solitary confinement may be linked to his hunger strike, as the prison administration had repeatedly requested that he discontinue it.

According to Denis Kulanin, on 3 March he and Menteshashvili were transferred to solitary confinement without being provided with any explanation. He stated that their personal belongings, including documents necessary for court proceedings and personal correspondence, were confiscated. He further indicated that they were denied access to telephone communication, outdoor exercise, and bathing facilities. Kulanin reported that the cell is infested with cockroaches, lacks functioning ventilation, and that they are not provided with essential items necessary to ensure basic hygiene. He also stated that they are not permitted to purchase hygiene products or other essential items. In a letter dated 6 March, Kulanin stated that he and Menteshashvili have been on hunger strike since their placement in solitary confinement and requested a visit from the Public Defender of Georgia. He further indicated that they are seeking clarification of the legal grounds for their placement and allege that they are being effectively isolated from both their legal representatives and the public.

The Penitentiary Service denied the reported allegations, stating that Menteshashvili and Kulanin are not held in solitary confinement but are instead placed in so-called quarantine (internal classification) cells. According to the authority, such placement was carried out in accordance with the Penitentiary Code of Georgia and the institution’s internal regulations. The Penitentiary Service also released video footage which, according to its statement, depicts the individuals consuming food and was made public for the purpose of informing the public.

Denis Kulanin has been convicted in connection with damage to a vehicle belonging to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia. He is a Russian-born activist residing in Georgia who was convicted in relation to an incident during a protest near the Parliament on 28 March 2025, and was sentenced to two years’ imprisonment.Zurab Menteshashvili is held in custody under criminal law on charges of repeatedly blocking a roadway. The charges are based on legislative amendments adopted on 16 October 2025, pursuant to which the repeated blocking of a roadway or obstruction of movement during an assembly or demonstration constitutes a criminal offence.

Tbilisi Court of Appeals Upholds Five-Year Sentence Imposed on Giorgi Mindadze

On 9 March, the Tbilisi Court of Appeals upheld the five-year term of imprisonment imposed on Giorgi Mindadze. The decision was issued by Judge Tea Leonidze.

According to the investigation, Mindadze was charged with discharging pyrotechnic devices in the direction of an officer of the Special Tasks Department during a pro-European protest held on 29 November, allegedly resulting in a burn injury to the officer’s leg. The case was brought under Article 353¹ of the Criminal Code of Georgia, which concerns an attack on a law enforcement officer.

Mindadze was sentenced to five years’ imprisonment on 3 July 2025 by Judge Nino Galustashvili of the Tbilisi City Court.According to the defence, one of the key pieces of evidence in the case is a seven-second video recording obtained from social media, which shows an individual discharging fireworks; however, the footage is not continuous and does not allow for reliable identification of the person. The defence also points to inconsistencies in the testimony of the alleged victim, who stated that the injury was sustained on 29 November but sought emergency medical assistance only on 1 December, raising questions, in the defence’s view, as to whether the injury is in fact related to the events of 29 November.

Saba Gelashvili Subjected to Four Days of Administrative Detention in Sidewalk Case

On 9 March, Judge Tornike Kapanadze of the Tbilisi City Court found Saba Gelashvili liable for an administrative offence related to standing on a sidewalk and subjected him to four days of administrative detention. The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia alleged that on 18 December he obstructed pedestrian movement on the sidewalk.

Saba Gelashvili is a former champion of the television program “Book Shelf” (წიგნების თარო). The program responded to the decision with a public statement criticizing Gelashvili’s detention. The statement described the detention of individuals for standing on a sidewalk as “a continuation of a farce” and expressed solidarity with Gelashvili and other detained young people.

Administrative proceedings against citizens in relation to sidewalk protests commenced following legislative amendments adopted by Georgian Dream on 12 December 2025. The amendments were adopted following accelerated parliamentary consideration over a three-day period. As a result of these amendments, protest activity on sidewalks was, in effect, also prohibited. For a first violation, the legislation provides for administrative detention for a period of up to 15 days (up to 20 days in the case of an organizer), while a repeated violation may result in the imposition of criminal liability. According to the assessment of Transparency International Georgia, “the detention of an individual for standing on a sidewalk, even under administrative procedure, let alone the imposition of criminal punishment cannot withstand any criticism when assessed against the standards of freedom of assembly guaranteed by the Constitution of Georgia and by international human rights instruments.” The administrative provisions related to the so-called “sidewalk cases” are currently being challenged before the Constitutional Court of Georgia. The constitutional complaint seeks a declaration of unconstitutionality of the relevant regulations, which provide for the imposition of fines or administrative detention on individuals for standing on a sidewalk or roadway.

Active Protest Participants Magda Mamukashvili and Mako Kapianidze Fined 5,000 GEL Each for Allegedly Blocking a Roadway

On 9 March, Judge Zviad Tsekvava imposed administrative fines in the amount of 5,000 GEL each on active protest participants Magda Mamukashvili and Mako Kapianidze. The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia alleged that, during a protest held on 31 January, they had artificially blocked a roadway. In its decision, the court refrained from imposing administrative detention. The court noted that both individuals are mothers of children under the age of 12, a circumstance precluding the application of administrative detention under the applicable legal framework.

On 16 October 2025, Georgian Dream adopted legislative amendments to the Criminal Code of Georgia and the Code of Administrative Offences of Georgia, which significantly restrict the forms through which demonstrators may express peaceful protest. Under these amendments, Article 174¹ of the Code of Administrative Offences was supplemented with paragraph 10, providing that participants in assemblies and demonstrations shall be subject to mandatory administrative detention for certain acts. These include, inter alia, covering one’s face with a mask or other means, possessing tear gas or similar substances, intentionally creating obstacles to pedestrian or vehicular movement, installing temporary structures, or partially or fully blocking a roadway.

A violation of this provision is punishable by administrative detention for up to 15 days, or up to 20 days in the case of an organizer. The amendments also introduced changes to the Criminal Code of Georgia, providing that the repeated commission of the above-mentioned acts within a one-year period may result in criminal liability.

After Returning from a Protest, Davit Chkheidze Taken for Drug Testing and Paata Alaverdashvili Administratively Detained

On the night of 9 March, Davit Chkheidze, an active participant in ongoing protests, was stopped by police and taken to the Tabukashvili Police Department for drug testing. According to Chkheidze, he was returning from a protest by car with his family when several patrol units stopped him. He was initially subjected to a breathalyzer (alcohol) test, which returned a negative result. Police subsequently conducted an on-site drug test and indicated a positive result, following which Chkheidze was transferred to the police station for further examination. Subsequent laboratory testing did not confirm the presence of narcotic substances, and Chkheidze was released. However, biological samples taken from him were forwarded for additional forensic analysis. Several days later, it was confirmed through expert examination that no traces of narcotic substances were detected in Chkheidze’s system.

Davit Chkheidze is a diplomat with extensive professional experience. In February 2025, he left public service and has since been participating in pro-European protests. He previously held positions in various state institutions and possessed a diplomatic passport.According to Chkheidze, another protest participant, Paata Alaverdashvili, was in the vehicle with him at the time. He stated that law enforcement officers removed Alaverdashvili from the vehicle and detained him on the spot on charges of verbally insulting a police officer. Paata Alaverdashvili was placed in administrative detention. The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia alleges that he verbally insulted a police officer. He was detained under Article 173(2) of the Code of Administrative Offences, which concerns the verbal insult of a law enforcement officer and provides for a fine ranging from 2,000 to 5,000 GEL or administrative detention for up to 60 days. According to Alaverdashvili’s lawyer, Teo Zakaraishvili, he was verbally abused at the police station following his detention. She stated that no physical violence was observed and that the detainee is in good condition.

MDF Employee Zviad Mzhavanadze Subjected to Four Days of Administrative Detention for Sidewalk Protest

On 9 March, the Tbilisi City Court subjected Zviad Mzhavanadze, an employee of the Media Development Foundation, to four days of administrative detention in connection with an administrative offence case initiated for a protest on the sidewalk. The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia alleged that Mzhavanadze created an obstruction to pedestrian movement on the sidewalk. The case was examined by Judge Tornike Kapanadze. According to Mzhavanadze, he did not breach public order and his actions did not hinder movement. He stated that during the court hearing it was not substantiated how his conduct interfered with others.

According to Mzhavanadze’s lawyer, Mariam Jikia, the defence intends to appeal the decision. The lawyer further noted concerns regarding both the process of identifying the individual through the use of video surveillance and the administrative offence provision applied in the case, the constitutionality of which is currently being challenged before the Constitutional Court of Georgia.Administrative proceedings against citizens in relation to sidewalk protests commenced following legislative amendments adopted by Georgian Dream on 12 December 2025. The amendments were adopted following accelerated parliamentary consideration over a three-day period. As a result of these amendments, protest activity on sidewalks was, in effect, also prohibited. For a first violation, the legislation provides for administrative detention for a period of up to 15 days (up to 20 days in the case of an organizer), while a repeated violation may result in the imposition of criminal liability. According to the assessment of Transparency International Georgia, “the detention of an individual for standing on a sidewalk, even under administrative procedure, let alone the imposition of criminal punishment cannot withstand any criticism when assessed against the standards of freedom of assembly guaranteed by the Constitution of Georgia and by international human rights instruments.”

Following Public Statements and Research on Iranian Influence, State Security Service Calls Individuals in for Questioning

Following public statements and the publication of two critical reports concerning potential Iranian influence in Georgia, the State Security Service of Georgia (SSG) called several individuals in for questioning in connection with an investigation opened under Article 319 of the Criminal Code of Georgia. The investigation concerns potential assistance to a foreign state, foreign organization, or an entity under foreign control in activities directed against the interests of the state.

As part of the investigation, opposition politician and historian Gubaz Sanikidze was interviewed before a magistrate judge on 7 March. On 8 March, former Minister of Defence and head of Civic Idea Tina Khidasheli, as well as co-author of a report by the Hudson Institute and project manager at the Laboratory for the Study of the Soviet Past, Giorgi Kandelaki, were interviewed at the Tbilisi City Court. During the same period, former Chief of the General Staff, Major General Vakhtang Kapanadze, was also called in for questioning and interviewed as a witness by the SSG. Former Member of Parliament Givi Targamadze was likewise called in; he stated that he is currently outside Georgia and will provide written responses or respond upon his return.

The questioning related to public statements made in televised broadcasts and to research concerning Iran. On 3 March, the Hudson Institute published a report asserting that the Islamic Republic of Iran is “systematically and in an organized manner” expanding its influence in Georgia. The report highlights several areas of concern, including developments in the Kvemo Kartli region and an educational institution operating in Gardabani without proper authorization. The issue of Iranian influence is also addressed in a report by Civic Idea, which examines the import of Iranian oil and petroleum products into Georgia and the potential links of companies involved in this activity.

Following the publication of these reports and related public statements, on 5 and 6 March, the Mayor of Tbilisi and Secretary General of Georgian Dream, Kakha Kaladze, publicly criticized Tina Khidasheli and Giorgi Kandelaki. He characterized their statements and research as “hostile activity against the country” and stated that “the relevant authorities should take an interest.” According to Kaladze, such statements undermine relations between Georgia and the United States.

Two Participants of Pro-European Protests Sentenced to Administrative Detention for “Blocking the Roadway”

On 4 March, two additional participants in pro-European protests were sentenced to administrative detention on charges of “blocking the roadway.” Sanctioned judge Manuchar Tsatsua sentenced Deme Sharikadze to four days of administrative detention, while Davith Basaria was sentenced to five days of administrative detention by sanctioned judge Nino Enukidze. The Ministry of Internal Affairs accused both individuals of obstructing a roadway during the traditional Saturday march on 31 January.